Contributory Factors
Contributory Factors in a road traffic collision are key actions and failures that led directly to the actual impact. They show why the collision occurred and give clues about how it may have been prevented.
The Circumstances, Vehicle and Casualty records mainly record objective details. Contributory Factors are largely subjective and depend on the skill and experience of the investigating officer to reconstruct the events which led directly to the collision. The notes in Annex 4 of Stats 20 aim to present the system clearly and so to minimise the scope for differences in reporting. However, the need to exercise Judgment when recording Contributory Factors is unavoidable.
Contributory Factors reflect the Reporting Officer's opinion at the time of reporting and are not necessarily the result of extensive investigation. Furthermore, it is recognised that subsequent enquiries could lead to the reporting officer changing his opinion. Officers should not be inhibited in arriving at a considered view.
Factors should be identified on the basis of 'evidence' (but see above) rather than guesses about what may have happened. This evidence can come from various sources such as witness statements, vehicle and site inspections. It can be of variable quality, which is the reason for recording the assessment of the reliability of the Contributory Factors. It does not matter that a prosecution might not follow.
When there is conflicting 'evidence' (e.g. conflicting witness statements) the reporting officer should decide on the most plausible account of the collision and, taking into account all other available 'evidence', base the codes on this.
Contributory Factors in a road traffic collision are key actions and failures that led directly to the actual impact. They show why the collision occurred and give clues about how it may have been prevented.
The Circumstances, Vehicle and Casualty records mainly record objective details. Contributory Factors are largely subjective and depend on the skill and experience of the investigating officer to reconstruct the events which led directly to the collision. The notes in Annex 4 of Stats 20 aim to present the system clearly and so to minimise the scope for differences in reporting. However, the need to exercise Judgment when recording Contributory Factors is unavoidable.
Contributory Factors reflect the Reporting Officer's opinion at the time of reporting and are not necessarily the result of extensive investigation. Furthermore, it is recognised that subsequent enquiries could lead to the reporting officer changing his opinion. Officers should not be inhibited in arriving at a considered view.
Factors should be identified on the basis of 'evidence' (but see above) rather than guesses about what may have happened. This evidence can come from various sources such as witness statements, vehicle and site inspections. It can be of variable quality, which is the reason for recording the assessment of the reliability of the Contributory Factors. It does not matter that a prosecution might not follow.
When there is conflicting 'evidence' (e.g. conflicting witness statements) the reporting officer should decide on the most plausible account of the collision and, taking into account all other available 'evidence', base the codes on this.
Road Environment Contributed
Codes 101 - 109 should be used where the road itself, or related street furniture, is deemed to have contributed to the collision, and includes animals or objects in the carriageway.
Use codes 702 - 704 where the road environment is linked to visibility problems or codes 801 - 810 where a pedestrian in the carriageway contributed to the collision.
The reporting officer should identify the vehicle (or in exceptional circumstances, the pedestrian) to which the code applies. Wherever possible, the reporting officer should identify the one participant to which the code most applies. Only where two or more vehicles are equally affected by the same code should that code be attributed to more than one vehicle.
Codes 101 - 109 should be used where the road itself, or related street furniture, is deemed to have contributed to the collision, and includes animals or objects in the carriageway.
Use codes 702 - 704 where the road environment is linked to visibility problems or codes 801 - 810 where a pedestrian in the carriageway contributed to the collision.
The reporting officer should identify the vehicle (or in exceptional circumstances, the pedestrian) to which the code applies. Wherever possible, the reporting officer should identify the one participant to which the code most applies. Only where two or more vehicles are equally affected by the same code should that code be attributed to more than one vehicle.
101
Poor or defective road surface includes any obvious road surface defect such as potholes and cracks. Also includes roads where a worn surface or poor skid resistance is thought to have contributed to the accident.
Poor or defective road surface includes any obvious road surface defect such as potholes and cracks. Also includes roads where a worn surface or poor skid resistance is thought to have contributed to the accident.
102
Deposit on road (e.g. oil, mud, chippings) includes any deposit arising from human (or animal) activity which has made sections of the road surface slippery or which has caused traction control problems for a vehicle.
Deposit on road (e.g. oil, mud, chippings) includes any deposit arising from human (or animal) activity which has made sections of the road surface slippery or which has caused traction control problems for a vehicle.
103
Slippery road (due to weather) is to be used where the weather has caused the road surface to become slippery. For example, wet or icy roads or melting tarmac.
Slippery road (due to weather) is to be used where the weather has caused the road surface to become slippery. For example, wet or icy roads or melting tarmac.
104
Inadequate or masked signs or road markings may be used where:
1) The warning or directional signs or markings, at the site of the collision, could not be clearly seen or read, or where
2) Road signs which are obscured by trees/vegetation or the sign is unreadable due to glare or its poor condition. This also includes road markings which are worn or covered by snow, or where
3) The size, siting or lack of signs or markings contributed
Inadequate or masked signs or road markings may be used where:
1) The warning or directional signs or markings, at the site of the collision, could not be clearly seen or read, or where
2) Road signs which are obscured by trees/vegetation or the sign is unreadable due to glare or its poor condition. This also includes road markings which are worn or covered by snow, or where
3) The size, siting or lack of signs or markings contributed
105
Defective traffic signals applies where:
Totally or partially defective automatic traffic signal contributed to the collision and includes signals which have previously been damaged and are misaligned.
Part-time signals outside the times of normal operation (and, therefore, not illuminated) should not be regarded as defective.
Defective traffic signals applies where:
Totally or partially defective automatic traffic signal contributed to the collision and includes signals which have previously been damaged and are misaligned.
Part-time signals outside the times of normal operation (and, therefore, not illuminated) should not be regarded as defective.
106
Traffic calming (e.g. speed cushions, road humps and chicanes) should be considered where a traffic calming measure has contributed to the collision
Traffic calming (e.g. speed cushions, road humps and chicanes) should be considered where a traffic calming measure has contributed to the collision
107
Temporary road layout (e.g. contraflow) includes contraflow sections of dual carriageways, single alternate line working at roadworks on two way roads and all other locations where a temporary road layout has contributed to the collision
Temporary road layout (e.g. contraflow) includes contraflow sections of dual carriageways, single alternate line working at roadworks on two way roads and all other locations where a temporary road layout has contributed to the collision
108
Road layout (e.g. bend, hill, narrow carriageway). Use this code where the permanent layout of the road, including narrow lanes on dual carriageways and/or adverse camber, has contributed to the collision.
This code should not be used where the road layout contributed to a visibility problem. In such cases use a code from the group headed 'Vision affected by' (codes 701 to 710).
This code is likely to be used in conjunction with other codes (e.g. loss of control on bend or poor driver behaviour on narrow road)
Road layout (e.g. bend, hill, narrow carriageway). Use this code where the permanent layout of the road, including narrow lanes on dual carriageways and/or adverse camber, has contributed to the collision.
This code should not be used where the road layout contributed to a visibility problem. In such cases use a code from the group headed 'Vision affected by' (codes 701 to 710).
This code is likely to be used in conjunction with other codes (e.g. loss of control on bend or poor driver behaviour on narrow road)
109
Animal or object in carriageway.
Animal includes any animal (not just those defined in the RTA) which contributed to the collision, whether or not the animal was hit. It excludes ridden horses and animals pulling vehicles. These are treated as vehicles in their own right. Pedestrians are also not included.
'Object' is any object which the driver would not expect to find in the carriageway (e.g. dislodged vehicle load, fallen tree) and which caused or contributed to the collision. It excludes permanent features such as bollards, refuges, kerb etc.
Animal or object in carriageway.
Animal includes any animal (not just those defined in the RTA) which contributed to the collision, whether or not the animal was hit. It excludes ridden horses and animals pulling vehicles. These are treated as vehicles in their own right. Pedestrians are also not included.
'Object' is any object which the driver would not expect to find in the carriageway (e.g. dislodged vehicle load, fallen tree) and which caused or contributed to the collision. It excludes permanent features such as bollards, refuges, kerb etc.
Vehicle Defects
Codes 201 - 206 should be used where a vehicle (including, where appropriate, pedal cycles, ridden horses, horse drawn vehicles or other non-motor vehicles) defect is identified as contributing to the accident or where there are grounds for suspecting that the defect contributed.
Includes defects on towed trailers or caravans. Codes should be attributed to the towing vehicle.
Use code 999 where a vehicle defect not listed below has caused, or contributed to, the accident. Brief details must be supplied.
Codes 201 - 206 should be used where a vehicle (including, where appropriate, pedal cycles, ridden horses, horse drawn vehicles or other non-motor vehicles) defect is identified as contributing to the accident or where there are grounds for suspecting that the defect contributed.
Includes defects on towed trailers or caravans. Codes should be attributed to the towing vehicle.
Use code 999 where a vehicle defect not listed below has caused, or contributed to, the accident. Brief details must be supplied.
201
Tyres illegal, defective or under-inflated includes "blow-outs" and over-inflated tyres.
Tyres illegal, defective or under-inflated includes "blow-outs" and over-inflated tyres.
202
Defective lights or indicators should only be used if there was a fault with the lights or indicators.
For failure to signal or turn on lights see codes 404 & 506. Also use code 506 to record a pedal cyclist without lights.
Defective lights or indicators should only be used if there was a fault with the lights or indicators.
For failure to signal or turn on lights see codes 404 & 506. Also use code 506 to record a pedal cyclist without lights.
203
Defective brakes should only be used where there was a fault in the braking system which contributed to the collision.
Use code 307 to record a pedal cyclist failing to stop because of wet brakes.
Defective brakes should only be used where there was a fault in the braking system which contributed to the collision.
Use code 307 to record a pedal cyclist failing to stop because of wet brakes.
204
Defective steering or suspension should only be used in cases where defective steering/suspension contributed to the collision.
Defective steering or suspension should only be used in cases where defective steering/suspension contributed to the collision.
205
Defective or missing mirrors includes mirrors which were poorly set, creating a "blind spot".
Defective or missing mirrors includes mirrors which were poorly set, creating a "blind spot".
206
Overloaded or poorly loaded vehicle or trailer includes vehicles carrying too many passengers and the movement of a goods vehicle load.
Overloaded or poorly loaded vehicle or trailer includes vehicles carrying too many passengers and the movement of a goods vehicle load.
Injudicious Action
Codes 301 - 310 should be used, mainly, in cases where a driver has performed a manoeuvre or driven in such a manner as to contribute to the collision, and should be used regardless of whether or not police propose taking action against the driver.
These codes, which describe the driver/rider's actions, can be used in conjunction with codes 501 - 607 which provide further detail on why these actions were taken.
Codes 301 - 310 should be used, mainly, in cases where a driver has performed a manoeuvre or driven in such a manner as to contribute to the collision, and should be used regardless of whether or not police propose taking action against the driver.
These codes, which describe the driver/rider's actions, can be used in conjunction with codes 501 - 607 which provide further detail on why these actions were taken.
301
Disobeyed automatic traffic signal should be used where a Driver/Rider did not stop at a red ATS signal and also applies to temporary signals (e.g. at roadworks).
This code should not be used for non-junction pedestrian ATS (e.g. pelican or toucan crossings - see code 304).
Disobeyed automatic traffic signal should be used where a Driver/Rider did not stop at a red ATS signal and also applies to temporary signals (e.g. at roadworks).
This code should not be used for non-junction pedestrian ATS (e.g. pelican or toucan crossings - see code 304).
302
Disobeyed 'Give Way' or 'Stop' sign or markings, applies where a Driver/Rider did not obey a 'Stop' or 'Give Way' sign or road markings and includes manually operated Stop/Go signs.
This Code will often be used in conjunction with codes 401 & 402.
Disobeyed 'Give Way' or 'Stop' sign or markings, applies where a Driver/Rider did not obey a 'Stop' or 'Give Way' sign or road markings and includes manually operated Stop/Go signs.
This Code will often be used in conjunction with codes 401 & 402.
303
Disobeyed double white lines applies where a Driver/rider deliberately crossed double white lines prior to accident.
Do not use this code for a vehicle which crossed double white lines as a result of losing control.
Disobeyed double white lines applies where a Driver/rider deliberately crossed double white lines prior to accident.
Do not use this code for a vehicle which crossed double white lines as a result of losing control.
304
Disobeyed pedestrian crossing facility applies where a Driver/rider caused a collision by failing to stop (whether intentionally or not) at a pedestrian crossing.
For this code, a pedestrian crossing is defined as a Zebra Crossing or a Pelican, Puffin, Toucan or similar light controlled crossing. Central refuges alone are not treated as pedestrian crossings for the purposes of this code.
Use code 301 for driver/riders causing pedestrian collisions at ATS junctions by disobeying the traffic signals.
Disobeyed pedestrian crossing facility applies where a Driver/rider caused a collision by failing to stop (whether intentionally or not) at a pedestrian crossing.
For this code, a pedestrian crossing is defined as a Zebra Crossing or a Pelican, Puffin, Toucan or similar light controlled crossing. Central refuges alone are not treated as pedestrian crossings for the purposes of this code.
Use code 301 for driver/riders causing pedestrian collisions at ATS junctions by disobeying the traffic signals.
305
Illegal turn or direction of travel includes turning left or right at junctions (or performing a 'U-turn') where this is not permitted, or travelling the wrong way along a one way street or on the wrong side of a dual carriageway.
Also included are turnings where specific types of vehicle are prohibited (e.g. car turning at a junction where only buses are permitted to turn).
Do not use this code where a driver crossed briefly onto the wrong side of the road during a manoeuvre (e.g. overtaking).
Illegal turn or direction of travel includes turning left or right at junctions (or performing a 'U-turn') where this is not permitted, or travelling the wrong way along a one way street or on the wrong side of a dual carriageway.
Also included are turnings where specific types of vehicle are prohibited (e.g. car turning at a junction where only buses are permitted to turn).
Do not use this code where a driver crossed briefly onto the wrong side of the road during a manoeuvre (e.g. overtaking).
306
Exceeding speed limit applies where a driver/rider caused, or contributed to the collision, by exceeding the posted speed limit. This code should also be used in cases where the actions of one road user was the immediate cause of the collision but another speeding vehicle contributed to causing the collision.
Includes exceeding variable speed limits (e.g. on motorways) and speed limits based on vehicle type (including towing).
Use this code (not code 307) if driver/rider was exceeding the speed limit and travelling too fast for the conditions.
Exceeding speed limit applies where a driver/rider caused, or contributed to the collision, by exceeding the posted speed limit. This code should also be used in cases where the actions of one road user was the immediate cause of the collision but another speeding vehicle contributed to causing the collision.
Includes exceeding variable speed limits (e.g. on motorways) and speed limits based on vehicle type (including towing).
Use this code (not code 307) if driver/rider was exceeding the speed limit and travelling too fast for the conditions.
307
Travelling too fast for conditions applies where a driver/rider was within the speed limit, but the speed was inappropriate for the road conditions and/or the vehicle type (including towing), and contributed to the collision.
Travelling too fast for conditions applies where a driver/rider was within the speed limit, but the speed was inappropriate for the road conditions and/or the vehicle type (including towing), and contributed to the collision.
308
Following too close applies where a driver/rider was too close to the vehicle in front to avoid collision.
Following too close applies where a driver/rider was too close to the vehicle in front to avoid collision.
309
Vehicle travelling along pavement applies to any vehicle type (including ridden horses) travelling along the pavement but only applies to vehicles which were intentionally travelling along the pavement. It includes pedal cycle riders or drivers of invalid vehicles colliding with pedestrians, or being hit by vehicles emerging from private driveways.
Do not include vehicles which were travelling along or across the pavement as a result of having lost control on the main carriageway. Skateboards, toy scooters and toy tricycles are not defined as vehicle types and should not be included within this code.
This code is not intended for use with shared use facilities, e.g. shared footway/cycle lane.
Vehicle travelling along pavement applies to any vehicle type (including ridden horses) travelling along the pavement but only applies to vehicles which were intentionally travelling along the pavement. It includes pedal cycle riders or drivers of invalid vehicles colliding with pedestrians, or being hit by vehicles emerging from private driveways.
Do not include vehicles which were travelling along or across the pavement as a result of having lost control on the main carriageway. Skateboards, toy scooters and toy tricycles are not defined as vehicle types and should not be included within this code.
This code is not intended for use with shared use facilities, e.g. shared footway/cycle lane.
310
Cyclist entering road from pavement applies where the cyclist contributed to the collision by riding from the pavement into the road and includes cyclists crossing the road on pedestrian or toucan crossings
Cyclist entering road from pavement applies where the cyclist contributed to the collision by riding from the pavement into the road and includes cyclists crossing the road on pedestrian or toucan crossings
Driver/Rider Error or Reaction
Codes 401 - 410 relate to an error of Judgment by a driver/rider, or an action resulting from another party's actions. In many cases, further codes can be used to explain why these actions were taken (e.g. impairment or distraction).
Codes 401 - 410 relate to an error of Judgment by a driver/rider, or an action resulting from another party's actions. In many cases, further codes can be used to explain why these actions were taken (e.g. impairment or distraction).
401
Junction overshoot should be used to record a driver/rider who did not stop and overshot the stop or give way markings. This code will frequently be used in conjunction with other codes on why the overshoot occurred.
This code should not be used to record an overshoot at working ATS (use code 301) but may be used if the ATS were defective.
Junction overshoot should be used to record a driver/rider who did not stop and overshot the stop or give way markings. This code will frequently be used in conjunction with other codes on why the overshoot occurred.
This code should not be used to record an overshoot at working ATS (use code 301) but may be used if the ATS were defective.
402
Junction restart (moving off at junction) identifies a driver or rider who has stopped (or slowed to give way) at a junction, but has then moved off, and in doing so, has contributed to a collision. Other codes can be used to explain why this occurred (e.g. impairment or distraction).
Junction restart (moving off at junction) identifies a driver or rider who has stopped (or slowed to give way) at a junction, but has then moved off, and in doing so, has contributed to a collision. Other codes can be used to explain why this occurred (e.g. impairment or distraction).
403
Poor turn or manoeuvre applies to any manoeuvre performed by the driver/rider which caused, or contributed to, the collision. Examples include reversing, turning left, right or U-turn, changing lanes or overtaking. It includes poor vehicle positioning (e.g. in middle of road, in wrong lane at junction or encroaching into bus/cycle lane).
Where codes 402 and 403 could both apply, use code 402.
Poor turn or manoeuvre applies to any manoeuvre performed by the driver/rider which caused, or contributed to, the collision. Examples include reversing, turning left, right or U-turn, changing lanes or overtaking. It includes poor vehicle positioning (e.g. in middle of road, in wrong lane at junction or encroaching into bus/cycle lane).
Where codes 402 and 403 could both apply, use code 402.
404
Failed to signal or misleading signal indicates that a driver or rider misled another road user (including pedestrian) by either giving a bad signal or by not signalling at all.
Failed to signal or misleading signal indicates that a driver or rider misled another road user (including pedestrian) by either giving a bad signal or by not signalling at all.
405
Failed to look properly applies where a driver or rider either failed to look where they were going or they looked, but misinterpreted what they saw (looked but did not see). The code may be used where the driver or rider was not paying attention to the road ahead and may be used in conjunction with code 402.
Failed to look properly applies where a driver or rider either failed to look where they were going or they looked, but misinterpreted what they saw (looked but did not see). The code may be used where the driver or rider was not paying attention to the road ahead and may be used in conjunction with code 402.
406
Failed to judge other person's path or speed applies where a driver or rider misinterpreted the intentions or actions of another road user and includes misjudging a gap in the traffic when entering a main road, misjudging an overtaking manoeuvre (including passing too close to motorised vehicles) or wrongly anticipating the vehicle ahead in a queue moving off (including passing too close to motorised vehicles) or wrongly anticipating the vehicle ahead in a queue moving off.
Failed to judge other person's path or speed applies where a driver or rider misinterpreted the intentions or actions of another road user and includes misjudging a gap in the traffic when entering a main road, misjudging an overtaking manoeuvre (including passing too close to motorised vehicles) or wrongly anticipating the vehicle ahead in a queue moving off (including passing too close to motorised vehicles) or wrongly anticipating the vehicle ahead in a queue moving off.
407
Passing too close to cyclist, horse rider or pedestrian. Use this code whether or not there was contact with the cyclist, horse rider or pedestrian. This includes contact with overhanging wing mirrors.
Identify the passing vehicle in the 'Which participant' box (not the cyclist, horse rider or pedestrian).
Passing too close to cyclist, horse rider or pedestrian. Use this code whether or not there was contact with the cyclist, horse rider or pedestrian. This includes contact with overhanging wing mirrors.
Identify the passing vehicle in the 'Which participant' box (not the cyclist, horse rider or pedestrian).
408
Sudden braking should be used where a vehicle's sudden braking caused, or contributed to, a collision (regardless of whether the driver/rider was blameworthy). Do not use this code simply to record that a vehicle braked suddenly if this did not cause, or contribute to, the collision. This includes vehicles braking suddenly for safety cameras or a bus braking suddenly causing a passenger to fall and injure themselves.
Code 308 will often be allocated to another vehicle in the same accident.
Sudden braking should be used where a vehicle's sudden braking caused, or contributed to, a collision (regardless of whether the driver/rider was blameworthy). Do not use this code simply to record that a vehicle braked suddenly if this did not cause, or contribute to, the collision. This includes vehicles braking suddenly for safety cameras or a bus braking suddenly causing a passenger to fall and injure themselves.
Code 308 will often be allocated to another vehicle in the same accident.
409
Use Swerved when swerving is a definite decision on the part of the driver to change direction suddenly. Do not use this code simply to record that a vehicle swerved if this did not cause, or contribute to, the collision.
Use Swerved when swerving is a definite decision on the part of the driver to change direction suddenly. Do not use this code simply to record that a vehicle swerved if this did not cause, or contribute to, the collision.
410
Loss of control should be used where a driver/rider lost control of their vehicle (including ridden horses), causing or contributing to a collision, whether or not they were at fault. Wherever possible, at least one more code should be allocated to the same driver/rider to give an indication of why they lost control.
Loss of control should be used where a driver/rider lost control of their vehicle (including ridden horses), causing or contributing to a collision, whether or not they were at fault. Wherever possible, at least one more code should be allocated to the same driver/rider to give an indication of why they lost control.
Impairment or Distraction
Codes 501 - 510 help explain why a collision occurred and mainly centre on factors which hindered the driver or rider's performance. As with all codes 301 - 710, pedal cyclists, horse riders and other driver/riders of non-motor vehicles are included.
Codes 501 - 510 help explain why a collision occurred and mainly centre on factors which hindered the driver or rider's performance. As with all codes 301 - 710, pedal cyclists, horse riders and other driver/riders of non-motor vehicles are included.
501
Impaired by alcohol should be selected when a driver or rider was affected by alcohol and behaved in a way which caused, or contributed to, the collision - whether or not they were in excess of the legal limit.
Impaired by alcohol should be selected when a driver or rider was affected by alcohol and behaved in a way which caused, or contributed to, the collision - whether or not they were in excess of the legal limit.
502
Impaired by drugs (illicit or medicinal) should be selected when a driver or rider was affected by drugs and behaved in a way which caused, or contributed to, the collision. It applies to illicit drugs as well as to all medicines, whether prescription or 'over the counter'.
Impaired by drugs (illicit or medicinal) should be selected when a driver or rider was affected by drugs and behaved in a way which caused, or contributed to, the collision. It applies to illicit drugs as well as to all medicines, whether prescription or 'over the counter'.
503
Fatigue should be selected when a driver or rider was so tired that they could not drive effectively or was unable to perceive hazards. This includes falling asleep whilst driving.
Fatigue should be selected when a driver or rider was so tired that they could not drive effectively or was unable to perceive hazards. This includes falling asleep whilst driving.
504
Uncorrected, defective eyesight should be selected when a driver's or rider's poor vision helped bring about the collision and includes a driver or rider not wearing glasses or contact lenses when they should, or wearing the wrong glasses.
Uncorrected, defective eyesight should be selected when a driver's or rider's poor vision helped bring about the collision and includes a driver or rider not wearing glasses or contact lenses when they should, or wearing the wrong glasses.
505
Illness or disability, mental or physical includes a driver or rider either suddenly overcome by illness (e.g. fit or blackout) or generally affected by illness (e.g. cold or 'flu), or a driver or rider suffering from a permanent disability, which contributed to the collision. This includes where a driver or rider sneezed or coughed contributing to the collision and driver or riders suffering from poor mental health (e.g. depression).
Illness or disability, mental or physical includes a driver or rider either suddenly overcome by illness (e.g. fit or blackout) or generally affected by illness (e.g. cold or 'flu), or a driver or rider suffering from a permanent disability, which contributed to the collision. This includes where a driver or rider sneezed or coughed contributing to the collision and driver or riders suffering from poor mental health (e.g. depression).
506
Not displaying lights at night or in poor visibility. Poor visibility includes twilight or other poor light conditions and/or weather related conditions (e.g. rain or fog).
This includes cyclists riding at night without lights as well as motor vehicle drivers who have failed to turn on their lights (whether intentionally or not).
Not displaying lights at night or in poor visibility. Poor visibility includes twilight or other poor light conditions and/or weather related conditions (e.g. rain or fog).
This includes cyclists riding at night without lights as well as motor vehicle drivers who have failed to turn on their lights (whether intentionally or not).
507
Cyclist wearing dark clothing at night. This should be used in collisions where, if the cyclist had brighter clothing, they would have been seen in time and the collision would not have occurred. Can be used in conjunction with code 506 if necessary.
Cyclist wearing dark clothing at night. This should be used in collisions where, if the cyclist had brighter clothing, they would have been seen in time and the collision would not have occurred. Can be used in conjunction with code 506 if necessary.
508
Driver using mobile phone includes 'hand held' and 'hands free' phones, where their use (or attempted use) contributed to the collision, whether or not the driver has been reported for an offence. This includes motorcycle and pedal cycle riders.
Driver using mobile phone includes 'hand held' and 'hands free' phones, where their use (or attempted use) contributed to the collision, whether or not the driver has been reported for an offence. This includes motorcycle and pedal cycle riders.
509
Distraction in vehicle. Use this code where a driver or rider was distracted by an event or action (including passenger action) occurring within the vehicle which prevented them from paying attention to the road. Examples include adjusting the radio, attending to a child in distress, eating or drinking, lighting or dropping a cigarette or a wasp etc in the vehicle.
Distraction in vehicle. Use this code where a driver or rider was distracted by an event or action (including passenger action) occurring within the vehicle which prevented them from paying attention to the road. Examples include adjusting the radio, attending to a child in distress, eating or drinking, lighting or dropping a cigarette or a wasp etc in the vehicle.
510
Distraction outside vehicle. Use this code where a driver/rider was distracted by an occurrence outside the vehicle (e.g. admiring the scenery, reading advertisement hoarding, accident on opposite carriageway) and which prevented them from paying full attention to the driving environment before the accident.
Distraction outside vehicle. Use this code where a driver/rider was distracted by an occurrence outside the vehicle (e.g. admiring the scenery, reading advertisement hoarding, accident on opposite carriageway) and which prevented them from paying full attention to the driving environment before the accident.
Behaviour or Inexperience
Codes 601 - 607 help explain why a driver or rider's actions contributed the collision.
Codes 601 - 607 help explain why a driver or rider's actions contributed the collision.
601
Aggressive driving. Use this code where the road user (including a pedal cyclist) was driving or riding in an aggressive and/or dangerous manner which caused, or contributed to, the collision. It includes cases where the driver or rider was competing (or similar interaction) with another road user, and also includes road rage, but not physical violence e.g. assault.
Aggressive driving. Use this code where the road user (including a pedal cyclist) was driving or riding in an aggressive and/or dangerous manner which caused, or contributed to, the collision. It includes cases where the driver or rider was competing (or similar interaction) with another road user, and also includes road rage, but not physical violence e.g. assault.
602
Careless, reckless or in a hurry applies where a diver or rider behaved in a negligent or thoughtless manner or was in a hurry and, therefore, behaved in an unsafe manner. This covers cases where the person shows lack of concern about the possible consequences of their actions (careless), acts in spite of the likely consequences (reckless), or fails to consider the consequences of their actions as a result of being in a hurry.
Careless, reckless or in a hurry applies where a diver or rider behaved in a negligent or thoughtless manner or was in a hurry and, therefore, behaved in an unsafe manner. This covers cases where the person shows lack of concern about the possible consequences of their actions (careless), acts in spite of the likely consequences (reckless), or fails to consider the consequences of their actions as a result of being in a hurry.
603
Nervous, uncertain or panic applies where a driver or rider behaved in such a nervous or uncertain manner that other road users were unable to predict their likely path, or the driver or rider panicked in response to circumstances on the road.
Nervous, uncertain or panic applies where a driver or rider behaved in such a nervous or uncertain manner that other road users were unable to predict their likely path, or the driver or rider panicked in response to circumstances on the road.
604
Driving too slow for conditions, or slow vehicle (e.g. tractor). Use this code where a slow moving vehicle caused or contributed to the collision, even if the vehicle was not hit.
Driving too slow for conditions, or slow vehicle (e.g. tractor). Use this code where a slow moving vehicle caused or contributed to the collision, even if the vehicle was not hit.
605
Learner or inexperienced driver/rider. Use this code where inexperience of driving in general, or inexperience of the particular type (but not model - see code 607) of vehicle, caused or contributed to the collision. It includes inexperienced pedal cyclists or horse riders. It also includes under-age motor vehicle driver or riders. Do not use this code simply to record the presence of a learner or inexperienced driver or rider.
Learner or inexperienced driver/rider. Use this code where inexperience of driving in general, or inexperience of the particular type (but not model - see code 607) of vehicle, caused or contributed to the collision. It includes inexperienced pedal cyclists or horse riders. It also includes under-age motor vehicle driver or riders. Do not use this code simply to record the presence of a learner or inexperienced driver or rider.
606
Inexperience of driving on the left includes a temporary lapse by a foreign driver otherwise familiar with driving on the left. This code may be used in conjunction with codes 305, 405 and 710.
Inexperience of driving on the left includes a temporary lapse by a foreign driver otherwise familiar with driving on the left. This code may be used in conjunction with codes 305, 405 and 710.
607
Unfamiliar with model of vehicle may be used where a reasonably experienced driver or rider makes an error because of lack of familiarity with a particular model of vehicle. Examples include a motor cycle rider on a machine with a larger engine capacity than they are used to or a car driver unfamiliar with the controls in a different model of car.
Use code 605 for driver/riders unfamiliar with a particular type of vehicle.
Unfamiliar with model of vehicle may be used where a reasonably experienced driver or rider makes an error because of lack of familiarity with a particular model of vehicle. Examples include a motor cycle rider on a machine with a larger engine capacity than they are used to or a car driver unfamiliar with the controls in a different model of car.
Use code 605 for driver/riders unfamiliar with a particular type of vehicle.
Vision Affected by
Codes 701 - 710 are used to record all factors which affected a driver or rider's vision. These factors are used when a failure or poor manoeuvre occurs because a driver or rider's view is obscured, preventing them from seeing a hazard, such as an approaching vehicle or a pedestrian in the road, and it appears that they could have avoided the hazard if they had been able to see it clearly.
Codes 701 - 710 are used to record all factors which affected a driver or rider's vision. These factors are used when a failure or poor manoeuvre occurs because a driver or rider's view is obscured, preventing them from seeing a hazard, such as an approaching vehicle or a pedestrian in the road, and it appears that they could have avoided the hazard if they had been able to see it clearly.
701
Stationary or parked vehicle(s) applies where the view of the driver or rider was obscured by a stationary or parked vehicle so that they failed to recognise the path of another road user (e.g. vehicle pulling out from junction or pedestrian crossing road) leading, either directly to a collision with that road user, or to the driver taking avoiding action, which then resulted in a collision.
The vehicle identified in the 'Which participant' boxes should be the vehicle which was affected by the obscured vision not the masking vehicle.
For pedestrian accidents, code 701 will often be used in conjunction with code 801.
Stationary or parked vehicle(s) applies where the view of the driver or rider was obscured by a stationary or parked vehicle so that they failed to recognise the path of another road user (e.g. vehicle pulling out from junction or pedestrian crossing road) leading, either directly to a collision with that road user, or to the driver taking avoiding action, which then resulted in a collision.
The vehicle identified in the 'Which participant' boxes should be the vehicle which was affected by the obscured vision not the masking vehicle.
For pedestrian accidents, code 701 will often be used in conjunction with code 801.
702
Vegetation may be used where the driver or rider's vision was affected by trees, hedges or any other form of vegetation. Use code 104 where road signs are obscured by vegetation.
Vegetation may be used where the driver or rider's vision was affected by trees, hedges or any other form of vegetation. Use code 104 where road signs are obscured by vegetation.
703
Road layout (e.g. bend, winding road, hill crest). Only use this code if the driver or rider's vision was affected by the road layout (e.g. failing to see pedestrian crossing road at bend, or vehicle overtaking near crest of hill).
Use code 108 where any other factor relating to the road layout, other than driver or rider vision, contributed to the collision.
Road layout (e.g. bend, winding road, hill crest). Only use this code if the driver or rider's vision was affected by the road layout (e.g. failing to see pedestrian crossing road at bend, or vehicle overtaking near crest of hill).
Use code 108 where any other factor relating to the road layout, other than driver or rider vision, contributed to the collision.
704
Buildings, road signs, street furniture. Use this code where the driver or rider's vision was affected by buildings, road signs, street furniture or any other man-made feature on, or near, the highway.
Buildings, road signs, street furniture. Use this code where the driver or rider's vision was affected by buildings, road signs, street furniture or any other man-made feature on, or near, the highway.
705
Dazzling headlights applies where the vehicle identified in the 'Which participant' boxes is the vehicle in which the driver or rider was dazzled by headlights not the vehicle displaying the dazzling lights.
Dazzling headlights applies where the vehicle identified in the 'Which participant' boxes is the vehicle in which the driver or rider was dazzled by headlights not the vehicle displaying the dazzling lights.
706
Dazzling sun should be used where the driver is dazzled either directly by the sun or by the sun's reflection.
Dazzling sun should be used where the driver is dazzled either directly by the sun or by the sun's reflection.
707
Rain, sleet, snow or fog should only be used where the driver or rider's vision was affected by these weather conditions and this contributed to the collision.
Use code 103 where the weather contributed to poor road conditions.
Rain, sleet, snow or fog should only be used where the driver or rider's vision was affected by these weather conditions and this contributed to the collision.
Use code 103 where the weather contributed to poor road conditions.
708
Spray from other vehicles. The vehicle identified in the 'Which participant' boxes should be the vehicle in which the driver or rider's vision was affected by spray not the vehicle causing the spray.
Spray from other vehicles. The vehicle identified in the 'Which participant' boxes should be the vehicle in which the driver or rider's vision was affected by spray not the vehicle causing the spray.
709
Visor or windscreen dirty or scratched should only be used where a dirty or scratched windscreen or visor affected the driver or rider's vision and contributed to the collision. It includes frost covered windscreens or misted windscreens or visors.
Do not use this code simply to record the presence of a dirty or scratched windscreen or visor.
Visor or windscreen dirty or scratched should only be used where a dirty or scratched windscreen or visor affected the driver or rider's vision and contributed to the collision. It includes frost covered windscreens or misted windscreens or visors.
Do not use this code simply to record the presence of a dirty or scratched windscreen or visor.
710
Vehicle blind spot refers to cases where a driver is unable to see a pedestrian or another vehicle (especially pedal cyclists or motorcyclists) because of a blind spot caused by the design of the vehicle (e.g. windscreen or door pillars) or inadequate coverage of the mirrors, and includes restricted rear vision caused by vehicle loading, and blind spots on left hand drive vehicles.
Vehicle blind spot refers to cases where a driver is unable to see a pedestrian or another vehicle (especially pedal cyclists or motorcyclists) because of a blind spot caused by the design of the vehicle (e.g. windscreen or door pillars) or inadequate coverage of the mirrors, and includes restricted rear vision caused by vehicle loading, and blind spots on left hand drive vehicles.
Pedestrian Only (Casualty or Uninjured)
Codes 801 to 810 only apply to pedestrians who have contributed to the collision, whether or not they were injured. Where they were a casualty, they should be identified by their reference number in the 'Which participant' boxes (e.g. C001). Where they contributed to the collision but were not injured, the reference 'U000' should be entered in the "Which participant" boxes.
Do not use these codes simply to record the presence of a pedestrian, if their actions did not cause, or contribute to, the collision.
Codes 801 to 810 only apply to pedestrians who have contributed to the collision, whether or not they were injured. Where they were a casualty, they should be identified by their reference number in the 'Which participant' boxes (e.g. C001). Where they contributed to the collision but were not injured, the reference 'U000' should be entered in the "Which participant" boxes.
Do not use these codes simply to record the presence of a pedestrian, if their actions did not cause, or contribute to, the collision.
801
Crossing road masked by stationary or parked vehicle could be used for example where a pedestrian entered the carriageway from behind a stationary or parked vehicle which obscured him or her from the view of oncoming traffic.
Code will often be used in conjunction with code 701.
Crossing road masked by stationary or parked vehicle could be used for example where a pedestrian entered the carriageway from behind a stationary or parked vehicle which obscured him or her from the view of oncoming traffic.
Code will often be used in conjunction with code 701.
802
Failed to look properly could be used for example where a pedestrian either failed to check the road for traffic when entering the carriageway, or looked but misinterpreted what they saw (looked but did not see).
Wherever possible, at least one more code should be allocated to the pedestrian to give an indication of why they failed to look properly.
Failed to look properly could be used for example where a pedestrian either failed to check the road for traffic when entering the carriageway, or looked but misinterpreted what they saw (looked but did not see).
Wherever possible, at least one more code should be allocated to the pedestrian to give an indication of why they failed to look properly.
803
Failed to judge vehicle's path or speed could be used where, before entering the carriageway, a pedestrian saw an approaching vehicle but misjudged its speed or intended manoeuvre.
May be used in conjunction with code 404.
Failed to judge vehicle's path or speed could be used where, before entering the carriageway, a pedestrian saw an approaching vehicle but misjudged its speed or intended manoeuvre.
May be used in conjunction with code 404.
804
Wrong use of pedestrian crossing facility applies where a pedestrian entered the carriageway at any crossing with pedestrian lights while the lights indicated that the pedestrian should wait and includes pedestrians entering the carriageway at a zebra crossing but failing to give the driver sufficient time to stop.
Code should not be used at traffic signal junctions without pedestrian phase.
Wrong use of pedestrian crossing facility applies where a pedestrian entered the carriageway at any crossing with pedestrian lights while the lights indicated that the pedestrian should wait and includes pedestrians entering the carriageway at a zebra crossing but failing to give the driver sufficient time to stop.
Code should not be used at traffic signal junctions without pedestrian phase.
805
Dangerous action in carriageway (e.g. playing) will be used where a pedestrian was acting in a dangerous manner in the carriageway either deliberately or through negligence. Examples include children playing in the street, deliberately crossing in front of speeding traffic or people collapsing drunk in the carriageway.
Dangerous action in carriageway (e.g. playing) will be used where a pedestrian was acting in a dangerous manner in the carriageway either deliberately or through negligence. Examples include children playing in the street, deliberately crossing in front of speeding traffic or people collapsing drunk in the carriageway.
806
Impaired by alcohol. This applies where a pedestrian was affected by alcohol (whether or not completely drunk) and behaved in a way which caused, or contributed to, the collision.
This code may be used in conjunction with codes 801 - 805.
Impaired by alcohol. This applies where a pedestrian was affected by alcohol (whether or not completely drunk) and behaved in a way which caused, or contributed to, the collision.
This code may be used in conjunction with codes 801 - 805.
807
Impaired by drugs (illicit or medicinal). This applies where a pedestrian was affected by drugs and behaved in a way which caused, or contributed to, the collision. Applies to illicit drugs as well as to all medicines, whether prescription or 'over the counter'.
This code may be used in conjunction with codes 801 - 805.
Impaired by drugs (illicit or medicinal). This applies where a pedestrian was affected by drugs and behaved in a way which caused, or contributed to, the collision. Applies to illicit drugs as well as to all medicines, whether prescription or 'over the counter'.
This code may be used in conjunction with codes 801 - 805.
808
Careless, reckless or in a hurry. This applies where a pedestrian either behaved in a negligent or thoughtless manner or was in a hurry and, therefore, behaved in an unsafe manner and covers cases where the person shows lack of concern about the possible consequences of their actions (careless), acts in spite of the likely consequences (reckless), or fails to consider the consequences of their actions as a result of being in a hurry. It also includes cases where a pedestrian was distracted (e.g. by using mobile phone).
Careless, reckless or in a hurry. This applies where a pedestrian either behaved in a negligent or thoughtless manner or was in a hurry and, therefore, behaved in an unsafe manner and covers cases where the person shows lack of concern about the possible consequences of their actions (careless), acts in spite of the likely consequences (reckless), or fails to consider the consequences of their actions as a result of being in a hurry. It also includes cases where a pedestrian was distracted (e.g. by using mobile phone).
809
Pedestrian wearing dark clothing at night should be used in collisions where, if the pedestrian's clothing had been brighter, they would have been seen in time and the collision would not have occurred.
Pedestrian wearing dark clothing at night should be used in collisions where, if the pedestrian's clothing had been brighter, they would have been seen in time and the collision would not have occurred.
810
Disability or illness, mental or physical includes pedestrians either suddenly overcome by illness (e.g. blackout) or generally affected by illness (e.g. cold or 'flu), or a pedestrian suffering from a permanent disability (including poor eyesight), which contributed to the collision. It also includes pedestrians suffering from poor mental health (e.g. depression).
Disability or illness, mental or physical includes pedestrians either suddenly overcome by illness (e.g. blackout) or generally affected by illness (e.g. cold or 'flu), or a pedestrian suffering from a permanent disability (including poor eyesight), which contributed to the collision. It also includes pedestrians suffering from poor mental health (e.g. depression).
Special Codes
Codes 901 - 903 apply to vehicles being driven in special circumstances, that contributed to the collision, whilst code 904 covers one specific scenario.
Code 999 should only be used where no other code adequately summarises a factor which contributed to the collision.
Codes 901 - 903 apply to vehicles being driven in special circumstances, that contributed to the collision, whilst code 904 covers one specific scenario.
Code 999 should only be used where no other code adequately summarises a factor which contributed to the collision.
901
Stolen vehicle. To use this code the vehicle identified in the 'Which participant' box must be the stolen vehicle and, the fact that the vehicle was stolen, influenced the driver or rider's behaviour and contributed to the collision. Do not use this code simply to record the presence of a stolen vehicle.
Stolen vehicle. To use this code the vehicle identified in the 'Which participant' box must be the stolen vehicle and, the fact that the vehicle was stolen, influenced the driver or rider's behaviour and contributed to the collision. Do not use this code simply to record the presence of a stolen vehicle.
902
Vehicle in course of crime should be used to record a vehicle which was being driven or ridden in the course of a crime and where this influenced the driver or rider's behaviour and contributed to the collision.
This code should also be used where the vehicle was being pursued by the police in response to a suspected crime.
Vehicle in course of crime should be used to record a vehicle which was being driven or ridden in the course of a crime and where this influenced the driver or rider's behaviour and contributed to the collision.
This code should also be used where the vehicle was being pursued by the police in response to a suspected crime.
903
Emergency vehicle on a call should be used to record all emergency service vehicles which were responding to emergency calls which caused or contributed to the collision. Emergency service vehicles may be displaying flashing blue lights. Emergency vehicles include ambulances, fire engines (and other fire service vehicles), police, mountain rescue and coastguard vehicles, including unmarked vehicles responding to an emergency.
Do not include emergency vehicles engaged in routine activities or patrol (e.g. police cars on routine patrol, ambulances conveying patients to day centres or routine hospital appointments, or fire engines returning from a call).
Emergency vehicle on a call should be used to record all emergency service vehicles which were responding to emergency calls which caused or contributed to the collision. Emergency service vehicles may be displaying flashing blue lights. Emergency vehicles include ambulances, fire engines (and other fire service vehicles), police, mountain rescue and coastguard vehicles, including unmarked vehicles responding to an emergency.
Do not include emergency vehicles engaged in routine activities or patrol (e.g. police cars on routine patrol, ambulances conveying patients to day centres or routine hospital appointments, or fire engines returning from a call).
904
Vehicle door opened or closed negligently applies where a driver or passenger opened a vehicle door causing a collision with another vehicle (e.g. pedal cycle or motor cycle) or caused a passing vehicle to swerve which then contributed to a collision. It also applies to buses in which passengers are injured by opening or closing doors and includes drivers who, when closing a vehicle door, trap an alighting passenger's clothing, and then drive off.
Vehicle door opened or closed negligently applies where a driver or passenger opened a vehicle door causing a collision with another vehicle (e.g. pedal cycle or motor cycle) or caused a passing vehicle to swerve which then contributed to a collision. It also applies to buses in which passengers are injured by opening or closing doors and includes drivers who, when closing a vehicle door, trap an alighting passenger's clothing, and then drive off.
999
If code 999 is used, a brief description should be included, which can then be noted in the collision description which is often used in conjunction with the coded data.
This is to be used only when no other contributory factor is available to describe a particular circumstance which contributed to the collision. It includes all cases where a passenger caused or contributed to their own injury (e.g. jumping from vehicle, 'stealing a ride' and falling from vehicle, or being drunk and falling in bus).
This code will also include all vehicle defects not listed in codes 201 - 206 (e.g. a wheel becoming detached from a vehicle, an engine fire seizure).
If code 999 is used, a brief description should be included, which can then be noted in the collision description which is often used in conjunction with the coded data.
This is to be used only when no other contributory factor is available to describe a particular circumstance which contributed to the collision. It includes all cases where a passenger caused or contributed to their own injury (e.g. jumping from vehicle, 'stealing a ride' and falling from vehicle, or being drunk and falling in bus).
This code will also include all vehicle defects not listed in codes 201 - 206 (e.g. a wheel becoming detached from a vehicle, an engine fire seizure).
Procedure
1. Select up to six factors from the grid, relevant to the collision
2. Factors may be shown in any order, but an indication must be given of whether each factor is very likely (A) or possible (B)
3. Only include factors which have contributed to the collision (e.g. do not include "Poor road surface" unless it was relevant to the collision)
4. More than one factor may, if appropriate, be related to the same road user
5. The same factor may be related to more than one road user
6. The participant should be identified by the relevant vehicle or casualty reference number (e.g. 001, 002 etc), preceded by "V" if factor applies to a vehicle, driver or rider or the road environment (e.g. V002), or "C" if the factor relates to a pedestrian or passenger casualty (e.g. C001)
7. Enter "U000" if the factor relates to an uninjured pedestrian.
Click on field on form for example
1. Select up to six factors from the grid, relevant to the collision
2. Factors may be shown in any order, but an indication must be given of whether each factor is very likely (A) or possible (B)
3. Only include factors which have contributed to the collision (e.g. do not include "Poor road surface" unless it was relevant to the collision)
4. More than one factor may, if appropriate, be related to the same road user
5. The same factor may be related to more than one road user
6. The participant should be identified by the relevant vehicle or casualty reference number (e.g. 001, 002 etc), preceded by "V" if factor applies to a vehicle, driver or rider or the road environment (e.g. V002), or "C" if the factor relates to a pedestrian or passenger casualty (e.g. C001)
7. Enter "U000" if the factor relates to an uninjured pedestrian.
Click on field on form for example
Protective marking scheme
The National Collision Report Forms are fully compliant with Protective Marking standards. The information on the pages of the report marked 'RESTRICTED' will only be shared with those having a right to the information. The statistical forms, which contain no personal data, are marked 'UNCLASSIFIED' and may be passed to others unrestricted.
The National Collision Report Forms are fully compliant with Protective Marking standards. The information on the pages of the report marked 'RESTRICTED' will only be shared with those having a right to the information. The statistical forms, which contain no personal data, are marked 'UNCLASSIFIED' and may be passed to others unrestricted.
| Each statistical 'field' is governed by rules published in STATS 20. The notes below are a paraphrase of some of these rules, included because of the frequency of enquiries about them. These bullet points are not a comprehensive list. In completing these statistical fields it MUST BE REMEMBERED that the code selected in one field may have a direct effect on codes in other fields. These cross-field relationships are fully explained in STATS 20 which should be referred to in any case of doubt. |
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